Why Scientific Thinking -- The Elements of Scientific Thought -- A Checklist for Scientific Reasoning -- Questions Using the Elements of Scientific Thought -- Scientific Thinking Seeks to Quantify, Explain, and Predict Relationships in Nature -- Scientific Thinking Requires Precision -- Experimental Thinking Requires Experimental Controls -- Universal Intellectual Standards in Scientific Thinking -- Analyzing the Logic of Scientific Articles -- Analyzing the Logic of Science Textbooks -- Two Kinds of Scientific Questions -- Analyzing the Logic of an Experiment -- Criteria for Evaluating Scientific Reasoning -- Scientific Reasoning Abilities -- Intellectual Dispositions Essential to Scientific Thinking -- What Scientific Thinkers Routinely Do -- Stages of Scientific Thinking Development -- The Questioning Mind in Science (Newton, Darwin, and Einstein) -- The Logic of Science -- Logic of Scientific Disciplines (Physics, Chemistry, Geology, Astronomy, Biology, Zoology, Botany, Biochemistry, Paleontology, Animal Physiology, Archaeology, Ecology) -- The Problem of Unscientific Thinking -- A Pseudo-Science: Why Astrology is Not a Science -- A Critical Approach to Scientific Thinking -- Ethics and Science.